What is nodular goiter, and how is it diagnosed and treated

Blog
25 December, 2024

Nodular Goiter refers to the presence of a well-defined volumetric formation within the thyroid gland structure. This condition is associated with various diseases and requires an individualized treatment approach.

Possible Causes of Nodular Goiter
Nodules can be found in different thyroid diseases, such as:

  • Non-toxic nodular goiter

  • Toxic adenoma

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis

  • Malignant tumors

Thyroid nodules are more common in women than in men, which may be due to genetic factors, iodine deficiency, and autoimmune processes.

Types of Nodules

Thyroid nodules are divided into two main types based on their function:

  • Cold (inactive) nodules – these nodules do not produce thyroid hormones.

  • Hot (active) nodules – these actively produce thyroid hormones.

Diagnosis

Basic diagnostic methods include:

  • Thyroid ultrasound

  • Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

If a "suspicious" nodule is detected on ultrasound, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is performed. This procedure helps determine whether the nodule is benign or malignant.

Treatment

Treatment of nodules is individualized and depends on their size and type. Small, inactive nodules may only require observation, while "hot" nodules are treated with antithyroid medications. Larger nodules or malignant tumors may require surgical intervention.

If thyroid nodules are detected, consulting an endocrinologist is essential to plan the appropriate diagnostic and treatment strategy.